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<h2 id="_1">单体架构和前后端分离区别</h2>
<p><strong>前后端分离优点:</strong></p>
<ol>
<li><strong>并行开发：</strong> 前后端可以独立开发、测试，提高开发效率，特别适合大型项目和跨地域的团队协作。</li>
<li><strong>技术栈灵活：</strong> 前端可以选择React、Vue、Angular等现代框架，后端可以专注于API开发，双方技术选型更加自由。</li>
<li><strong>可扩展性和维护性：</strong> 模块化设计使得系统更易于扩展和维护，每个部分都可以独立升级或替换。</li>
<li><strong>优化用户体验：</strong> 客户端渲染能够提供更丰富的交互体验，且对于动态内容加载和局部刷新更为高效。</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>前后端分离缺点:</strong>
. <strong>SEO优化难题：</strong> 纯前端渲染的应用可能对搜索引擎不友好，虽然有SSR（Server Side Rendering）等技术缓解，但增加了实施复杂度。
3. <strong>逻辑分散：</strong> 前后端分离可能导致业务逻辑分散，需要良好的API设计和文档来管理。
4. <strong>网络延迟和性能问题：</strong> 前端需要通过API调用后端数据，可能会增加首次加载时间和后续的网络请求延迟。</p>
<h2 id="_2">解决跨域问题</h2>
<p>安装django-cors-headers中间件：
<div class="language-bash highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-0-1"><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1" href="#__codelineno-0-1"></a>pip<span class="w"> </span>install<span class="w"> </span>django-cors-headers
</span></code></pre></div>
在settings.py中添加corsheaders到INSTALLED_APPS：
<div class="language-python highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-1-1"><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1" href="#__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="n">INSTALLED_APPS</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span>
</span><span id="__span-1-2"><a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2" href="#__codelineno-1-2"></a>    <span class="c1"># ...</span>
</span><span id="__span-1-3"><a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3" href="#__codelineno-1-3"></a>    <span class="s1">&#39;corsheaders&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="__span-1-4"><a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4" href="#__codelineno-1-4"></a>    <span class="c1"># ...</span>
</span><span id="__span-1-5"><a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5" href="#__codelineno-1-5"></a><span class="p">]</span>
</span></code></pre></div>
在settings.py中添加CORS_ORIGIN_ALLOW_ALL设置：
<div class="language-python highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-2-1"><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1" href="#__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="n">CORS_ORIGIN_ALLOW_ALL</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">True</span>
</span></code></pre></div>
在settings.py中添加<code>corsheaders.middleware.CorsMiddleware</code>到<code>MIDDLEWARE</code>中间件：
<div class="language-python highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-3-1"><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1" href="#__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="n">MIDDLEWARE</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span>
</span><span id="__span-3-2"><a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2" href="#__codelineno-3-2"></a>    <span class="c1"># ...</span>
</span><span id="__span-3-3"><a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3" href="#__codelineno-3-3"></a>    <span class="s1">&#39;corsheaders.middleware.CorsMiddleware&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="__span-3-4"><a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4" href="#__codelineno-3-4"></a>    <span class="c1"># ...</span>
</span><span id="__span-3-5"><a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5" href="#__codelineno-3-5"></a><span class="p">]</span>
</span></code></pre></div></p>
<h2 id="api">API开发基础</h2>
<h3 id="_3">重点</h3>
<p>HTTP method
Path
Headers
Media types
Authentication
Parameters</p>
<h3 id="_4">序列化与反序列化</h3>
<p>将程序中的一个数据结构类型转换为其他格式（字典、JSON、XML等），例如将Django中的模型类对象装换为JSON字符串，这个转换过程我们称为序列化。</p>
<p>如：</p>
<p>queryset = BookInfo.objects.all()
book_list = []</p>
<h1 id="_5">序列化</h1>
<p><div class="language-python highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-4-1"><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1" href="#__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">book</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">queryset</span><span class="p">:</span>
</span><span id="__span-4-2"><a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2" href="#__codelineno-4-2"></a>    <span class="n">book_list</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">({</span>
</span><span id="__span-4-3"><a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3" href="#__codelineno-4-3"></a>        <span class="s1">&#39;id&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">book</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">id</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="__span-4-4"><a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4" href="#__codelineno-4-4"></a>        <span class="s1">&#39;btitle&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">book</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">btitle</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="__span-4-5"><a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5" href="#__codelineno-4-5"></a>        <span class="s1">&#39;bpub_date&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">book</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bpub_date</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="__span-4-6"><a id="__codelineno-4-6" name="__codelineno-4-6" href="#__codelineno-4-6"></a>        <span class="s1">&#39;bread&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">book</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bread</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="__span-4-7"><a id="__codelineno-4-7" name="__codelineno-4-7" href="#__codelineno-4-7"></a>        <span class="s1">&#39;bcomment&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">book</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bcomment</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="__span-4-8"><a id="__codelineno-4-8" name="__codelineno-4-8" href="#__codelineno-4-8"></a>        <span class="s1">&#39;image&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">book</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">image</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">url</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">book</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">image</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span>
</span><span id="__span-4-9"><a id="__codelineno-4-9" name="__codelineno-4-9" href="#__codelineno-4-9"></a>    <span class="p">})</span>
</span><span id="__span-4-10"><a id="__codelineno-4-10" name="__codelineno-4-10" href="#__codelineno-4-10"></a><span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">JsonResponse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">book_list</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">safe</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span></code></pre></div>
反之，将其他格式（字典、JSON、XML等）转换为程序中的数据，例如将<code>JSON</code>字符串转换为<code>Django</code>中的模型类对象，这个过程我们称为反序列化。</p>
<p>如：
<div class="language-python highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-5-1"><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1" href="#__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="n">json_bytes</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">body</span>
</span><span id="__span-5-2"><a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2" href="#__codelineno-5-2"></a><span class="n">json_str</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">json_bytes</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">decode</span><span class="p">()</span>
</span><span id="__span-5-3"><a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3" href="#__codelineno-5-3"></a>
</span><span id="__span-5-4"><a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4" href="#__codelineno-5-4"></a><span class="c1"># 反序列化</span>
</span><span id="__span-5-5"><a id="__codelineno-5-5" name="__codelineno-5-5" href="#__codelineno-5-5"></a><span class="n">book_dict</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">loads</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">json_str</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="__span-5-6"><a id="__codelineno-5-6" name="__codelineno-5-6" href="#__codelineno-5-6"></a><span class="n">book</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">BookInfo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create</span><span class="p">(</span>
</span><span id="__span-5-7"><a id="__codelineno-5-7" name="__codelineno-5-7" href="#__codelineno-5-7"></a>    <span class="n">btitle</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">book_dict</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;btitle&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span>
</span><span id="__span-5-8"><a id="__codelineno-5-8" name="__codelineno-5-8" href="#__codelineno-5-8"></a>    <span class="n">bpub_date</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">datetime</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">strptime</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">book_dict</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;bpub_date&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s1">&#39;%Y-%m-</span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s1">&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">date</span><span class="p">()</span>
</span><span id="__span-5-9"><a id="__codelineno-5-9" name="__codelineno-5-9" href="#__codelineno-5-9"></a><span class="p">)</span>
</span></code></pre></div>
我们可以看到，在开发REST API时，视图中要频繁的进行序列化与反序列化的编写。
在开发REST API接口时，我们在视图中需要做的最核心的事是：
将数据库数据序列化为前端所需要的格式，并返回；
将前端发送的数据反序列化为模型类对象，并保存到数据库中。</p>
<h3 id="http-method">HTTP method</h3>
<h4 id="_6">请求结构</h4>
<p>在 HTTP 协议中，一个完整的请求通常由几个部分组成，包括请求行（Request Line）、请求头（Headers）、空行（一个CRLF，即回车换行符）以及可选的请求体。</p>
<p>特别地，当客户端需要向服务器发送数据时，比如在 POST、PUT、PATCH 等方法的请求中，请求体就变得非常重要。它通常包含表单数据、JSON 对象、多部分表单数据（用于文件上传）、XML 数据等格式的信息。</p>
<p>例如，在进行表单提交时，如果使用的是 application/x-www-form-urlencoded 编码类型，请求体可能看起来像这样：
<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-6-1"><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1" href="#__codelineno-6-1"></a>username=JohnDoe&amp;password=123456
</span></code></pre></div>
如果是发送 JSON 数据，请求体可能是这样的：
<div class="language-json highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-7-1"><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1" href="#__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="p">{</span>
</span><span id="__span-7-2"><a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2" href="#__codelineno-7-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nt">&quot;username&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;JohnDoe&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="__span-7-3"><a id="__codelineno-7-3" name="__codelineno-7-3" href="#__codelineno-7-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nt">&quot;email&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;johndoe@example.com&quot;</span>
</span><span id="__span-7-4"><a id="__codelineno-7-4" name="__codelineno-7-4" href="#__codelineno-7-4"></a><span class="p">}</span>
</span></code></pre></div>
请求体的内容和格式依赖于请求的内容类型（Content-Type）头部字段所指定的媒体类型。服务器端会根据这个类型解析请求体，以便正确处理客户端发送的数据。
<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-8-1"><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1" href="#__codelineno-8-1"></a>Network
</span><span id="__span-8-2"><a id="__codelineno-8-2" name="__codelineno-8-2" href="#__codelineno-8-2"></a>Request Headers
</span><span id="__span-8-3"><a id="__codelineno-8-3" name="__codelineno-8-3" href="#__codelineno-8-3"></a>Response Headers
</span><span id="__span-8-4"><a id="__codelineno-8-4" name="__codelineno-8-4" href="#__codelineno-8-4"></a>Response Body
</span></code></pre></div></p>
<h4 id="_7">请求类型</h4>
<p>常用的HTTP动词有下面四个(括号里是对应的SQL命令)。
GET (SELECT):从服务器取出资源(一项或多项)。
POST (CREATE):在服务器新建一个资源。
PUT (UPDATE):在服务器更新资源(客户端提供改变后的完整资源)。
DELETE (DELETE):从服务器删除资源。
还有三个不常用的HTTP动词。
PATCH (UPDATE):在服务器更新(更新)资源(客户端提供改变的属性)。 HEAD:获取资源的元数据。
OPTIONS:获取信息，关于资源的哪些属性是客户端可以改变的。</p>
<h4 id="_8">如何发起请求</h4>
<p>比如在在浏览器的地址栏输入URL（如http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/add_book）并按下回车键会发起GET请求。如果GET请求用于创建资源，这将违背REST架构风格的原则</p>
<h4 id="csrf">CSRF</h4>
<p>跨站请求伪造（CSRF）是一种广泛存在的网络攻击手段。与另一常见的攻击手段XSS（跨站脚本攻击）相比，CSRF并不试图窃取用户的数据，而是欺骗用户执行未授权的操作。这种攻击方式利用了web应用中用户会话的一个漏洞，让攻击者可以伪装成信任的用户来执行某些操作。考虑一下，如果你不小心点击了一个恶意链接，那么你可能会在不知情的情况下执行了一些不应该执行的操作，例如转账、更改密码等。</p>
<h5 id="_9">简单解释</h5>
<p>CSRF 令牌（Token）是一种防御CSRF攻击的策略。令牌是一个随机生成的字符串，通常在用户会话中与用户关联。当用户执行敏感操作时，服务器将检查请求中的令牌是否与会话中的令牌匹配。只有当令牌匹配时，服务器才会处理该请求</p>
<h5 id="_10">需求场景模拟</h5>
<p>让我们深入一个具体场景来了解CSRF令牌的工作原理。</p>
<p>场景描述：在线银行转账</p>
<p>假设你正在使用一个在线银行应用进行转账操作。这个应用已经进行了登录验证，服务器知道你是一个合法的用户。现在，你想转一笔钱给你的朋友。</p>
<p>步骤 1：登录和获取CSRF令牌</p>
<p>你登录银行网站，输入用户名和密码。服务器验证了你的身份后，会生成一个CSRF令牌，并将其存储在你的会话中。同时，该令牌也会作为隐藏字段嵌入到转账表单中。</p>
<p>步骤 2：填写转账表单</p>
<p>你填写了转账金额和朋友的银行账号。由于CSRF令牌已经嵌入到表单中，当你提交表单时，令牌也会一同发送到服务器。</p>
<p>步骤 3：服务器验证CSRF令牌</p>
<p>服务器收到转账请求后，会检查请求中的CSRF令牌是否与你会话中的令牌匹配。如果匹配，服务器会处理转账请求。如果不匹配，请求将被拒绝。</p>
<p>对比：没有CSRF令牌的情况</p>
<p>假设有一位攻击者知道转账的URL和参数。如果没有CSRF令牌，攻击者可以创建一个伪造的转账链接，并诱使你点击。一旦你点击了该链接，转账就会在你不知情的情况下发生。</p>
<p>但有了CSRF令牌，攻击者无法得知正确的令牌值，因此无法创建有效的伪造请求。</p>
<h4 id="get">GET请求</h4>
<div class="language-python highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-9-1"><a id="__codelineno-9-1" name="__codelineno-9-1" href="#__codelineno-9-1"></a><span class="c1"># GET请求示例view.py</span>
</span><span id="__span-9-2"><a id="__codelineno-9-2" name="__codelineno-9-2" href="#__codelineno-9-2"></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.http</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">HttpResponse</span>
</span><span id="__span-9-3"><a id="__codelineno-9-3" name="__codelineno-9-3" href="#__codelineno-9-3"></a>
</span><span id="__span-9-4"><a id="__codelineno-9-4" name="__codelineno-9-4" href="#__codelineno-9-4"></a>
</span><span id="__span-9-5"><a id="__codelineno-9-5" name="__codelineno-9-5" href="#__codelineno-9-5"></a><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
</span><span id="__span-9-6"><a id="__codelineno-9-6" name="__codelineno-9-6" href="#__codelineno-9-6"></a>    <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;path info is : &#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path_info</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="__span-9-7"><a id="__codelineno-9-7" name="__codelineno-9-7" href="#__codelineno-9-7"></a>    <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;method is : &#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="__span-9-8"><a id="__codelineno-9-8" name="__codelineno-9-8" href="#__codelineno-9-8"></a>    <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;querystring is : &#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">GET</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="__span-9-9"><a id="__codelineno-9-9" name="__codelineno-9-9" href="#__codelineno-9-9"></a>    <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;full path is :&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_full_path</span><span class="p">())</span>
</span><span id="__span-9-10"><a id="__codelineno-9-10" name="__codelineno-9-10" href="#__codelineno-9-10"></a>    <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;客户端IP is :&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">META</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;REMOTE_ADDR&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>
</span><span id="__span-9-11"><a id="__codelineno-9-11" name="__codelineno-9-11" href="#__codelineno-9-11"></a>
</span><span id="__span-9-12"><a id="__codelineno-9-12" name="__codelineno-9-12" href="#__codelineno-9-12"></a>    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">HttpResponse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;test request ok&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span></code></pre></div>












                
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